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4 yıl önce

Present Perfect Tense (Yakın Geçmiş Zaman)

Bu zaman yapısı Türkçede olmayan bir zaman yapısıdır. Bu yüzden Türk öğreniciler çoğu zaman bu zaman yapısını kavramakta zorlanmaktadır.

Öncelikle, bu tür cümlelerdeki mantığı anlatmak yararlı olacaktır.

Bir kitap okumaya başladınız. Kitabı okumaya başladıktan 1 saat sonra arkadaşınız sizi ziyarete geldi ve okuduğunuz kitabı istedi.

Bu durumda verebileceğimiz olası yanıtlar:


"Daha yeni başladım. Bir saattir okuyorum. Bitince veririm."
"Daha 100 sayfa okudum. Bitirince Veririm"
"Henüz bitirmedim. Daha sonra veririm."
"Bitirmedim. Yine de alabilirsin."


Şimdi bu yanıtlar içinde yer alan bazı cümlelere bakalım:


Bir saattir okuyorum.
Daha yüz sayfa okudum.
Henüz bitirmedim.
Bitirmedim.


Dikkat ederseniz yukarıdaki 4 cümlede de eylemlerin başlama noktası "geçmiş zaman dilimidir" ve eylem konuşma noktasına kadar sürmüştür. İşte bu tarz eylemleri, durumları anlatmak için Present Perfect zaman yapısı kullanılmaktadır.


Present Perfect zaman yapısının genel olarak iki tür kullanım amacı vardır


1- Geçmişte başlayıp şu ana kadar süren durumları - eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır
I have lived here for 5 years ->Burada 5 yıldır yaşıyorum.

2- Henüz bitmiş eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılmaktadır
Mehmet has just gone out -> Mehmet şimdi dışarı çıktı.


Bu zaman yapısında cümle kuruluşu şöyledir: Özneden sonra have veya has yardımcı fiili kullanılır; ana fiilimizin ise 3. hali (past participle) kullanılır.


Özne + have / has + fiilin 3.hali

So far, I have read 200 pages -> Şu ana kadar 200 sayfa okudum.
Ahmet has picked 50 apples -> Ahmet 50 elma topladı.

I have done my homework - > Ödevimi yaptım

I have just finished my work -> İşimi henüz bitirdim
You have just finished your work -> İşini henüz bitirdin
We have just finished our work -> İşimizi henüz bitirdik
They have just finished their work -> İşlerini henüz bitirdiler

She has just finished her work ->O İşini henüz bitirdi
He has just finished her work ->O İşini henüz bitirdi
Aylin has just finished her work ->Aylin İşini henüz bitirdi


THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
1. Use :

The English Present Perfect tense is used to express actions which have just or already been completed at the time of speaking or writing.
--> I have done the work.
--> She has answered half the questions.

In the first example, the use of the Present Perfect tense emphasizes the fact that, at the time of speaking or writing, the work has already been completed. In the second example, the use of the Present Perfect indicates that, at the time of speaking or writing, half the questions have been answered.

This tense epresses the very recent past:
--> They've just left.

It also tells of a state or situation which has started in the past and is continuing up to now:
--> I have lived there for a long time. (I am still living there.)

The event may be a finished state or activity but the period of time in which it has taken place is not finished:
--> I have written a letter this morning. (the letter is finished and it is still morning)

It tells about an event with a present result :
--> I have lost my keys.


  2. Formation of the present perfect: Regular verbs


The Present Perfect tense of any English verb is formed from the Simple Present of the auxiliary to have, followed by what is generally referred to as the past participle of the verb.

Most English verbs form the past participle in a regular, predictable manner. These verbs are commonly referred to as regular verbs.

The past participle of a regular English verb is formed by adding the ending ed to the bare infinitive of the verb. For instance, the past participle of the verb to work is worked.

Thus, the Present Perfect tense of the verb to work is conjugated as follows:

I have worked
you have worked
he has worked
she has worked
it has worked
we have worked
they have worked

The following contractions are often used in spoken English:

Without Contractions With Contractions
  I have   I've
  you have   you've
  he has   he's
  she has   she's
  it has   it's
  we have   we've
  they have   they've

It should be noted that the contractions for he has, she has and it has are the same as the contractions for he is, she is and it is.


  3. Spelling rules for adding ed to form the past participle


Some regular verbs change their spelling when the ending ed is added to form the past participle.

a. Verbs ending in a silent e
When a regular verb ends in a silent e, only the letter d must be added in order to form the past participle. For example:

Infinitive Past Participle
  to close   closed
  to move   moved
  to please   pleased
  to receive   received

b. Verbs ending in y
When a regular verb ends in y immediately preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to i before the ending ed is added. For example:

Infinitive Past Participle
  to study   studied
  to rely   relied
  to carry   carried

However, when a regular verb ends in y immediately preceded by a vowel, the y is not changed before the ending ed is added. For example:

Infinitive Past Participle
  to play   played
  to convey   conveyed
  to enjoy   enjoyed


c. Verbs ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel
The rules concerning the doubling of final consonants which apply when adding the ending ing to form the present participle also apply when adding the ending ed to form the past participle.

Thus, when a one-syllable verb ends in a single consonant other than w, x or y immediately preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant must be doubled before the ending ed is added to form the past participle. In the following examples, the consonants which have been doubled are underlined. For example:

Infinitive Past Participle
  to rub   rubbed
  to trim   trimmed
  to plan   planned
  to stop   stopped

When a verb of more than one syllable ends in a single consonant other than w, x or y immediately preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled before the ending ed only when the last syllable of the verb is pronounced with the heaviest stress. In the following examples, the syllables pronounced with the heaviest stress are underlined. For example:

Infinitive Past Participle
  to control   controlled
  to infer   inferred
  to occur   occurred
  to permit   permitted
   
  to fasten   fastened
  to order   ordered
  to focus   focused
  to limit   limited

In the first four examples, the last syllable of the verb is pronounced with the heaviest stress, and the final consonant is doubled before ed is added. In the last four examples, the first syllable of the verb is pronounced with the heaviest stress, and the final consonant is not doubled before ed is added.

The final consonants w, x and y are never doubled when the ending ed is added. For example:

Infinitive Past Participle
  to follow   followed
  to box   boxed
  to portray   portrayed

It should also be noted that final consonants immediately preceded by two vowels are not doubled when the ending ed is added. For example:

Infinitive Past Participle
  to greet   greeted
  to rain   rained
  to soak   soaked
  to treat   treated


  4. Pronunciation of the ed ending


The ending ed is usually not pronounced as a separate syllable. For instance, in each of the following examples, both the bare infinitive and the past participle consist of one syllable. For example:

Bare Infinitive Past Participle
  puff   puffed
  work   worked
  miss   missed
  watch   watched

However, when the ending ed is added to verbs which end in d or t, the ed ending of the past participle is pronounced as a separate syllable. The reason for this is that the sounds of d and t are so similar to the sound of the ed ending, that the ending must be pronounced as a separate syllable in order to be heard clearly.

In each of the following examples, the bare infinitive consists of one syllable; whereas the past participle consists of two syllables. For example:

Bare Infinitive Past Participle
  add   added
  land   landed
  hunt   hunted
  wait   waited

Similarly, when d is added to verbs ending in a silent e preceded by d or t, the final ed of the past participle is pronounced as a separate syllable. In each of the following examples, the bare infinitive consists of one syllable; whereas the past participle consists of two syllables. For example:

Bare Infinitive Past Participle
  fade   faded
  glide   glided
  cite   cited
  note   noted


  5. Formation of the present perfect: Irregular verbs


In addition to regular English verbs, there are many irregular English verbs, which do not form the past participle with the ending ed. The English irregular verbs are related to the strong verbs of the German language. The following are examples of irregular English verbs. For example:

Bare Infinitive Past Participle
  begin   begun
  find   found
  go   gone
  let   let
  take   taken

The past participles of irregular English verbs are formed in an unpredictable manner, and must be memorized.

Except for the irregularity of the past participle, the formation of the Present Perfect tense is the same for an irregular verb as for a regular verb. In both cases, the Simple Present of the auxiliary to have is followed by the past participle of the verb.

For instance, the irregular verb to take has the past participle taken. Thus, the Present Perfect of the irregular verb to take is conjugated as follows:

 I have taken
 you have taken
 he has taken
 she has taken
 it has taken
 we have taken
 they have taken


  6. Questions and negative statements


As is the case with other English tenses, questions and negative statements in the Present Perfect are formed using the auxiliary. In the case of the Present Perfect, the auxiliary is have or has.

a. Questions
In order to form a question, the auxiliary is placed before the subject of the verb. For example:

Affirmative Statement Question
  I have worked.   Have I worked?
  You have worked.   Have you worked?
  He has worked.   Has he worked?
  She has worked.   Has she worked?
  It has worked.   Has it worked?
  We have worked.   Have we worked?
  They have worked.   Have they worked?

b. Negative statements
In order to form a negative statement, the word not is placed after the auxiliary. For example:

Affirmative Statement Negative Statement
  I have worked.   I have not worked.
  You have worked.   You have not worked.
  He has worked.   He has not worked.
  She has worked.   She has not worked.
  It has worked.   It has not worked.
  We have worked.   We have not worked.
  They have worked.   They have not worked.

The following contractions are often used in spoken English:

Without Contractions With Contractions
  have not   haven't
  has not   hasn't

c. Negative questions
In order to form a negative question, the auxiliary is placed before the subject, and the word not is placed after the subject. However, when contractions are used, the contracted form of not follows immediately after the auxiliary. For example:

Without Contractions With Contractions
  Have I not worked?   Haven't I worked?
  Have you not worked?   Haven't you worked?
  Has he not worked?   Hasn't he worked?
  Has she not worked?   Hasn't she worked?
  Has it not worked?   Hasn't it worked?
  Have we not worked?   Haven't we worked?
  Have they not worked?   Haven't they worked?

1.2 Present PerfectTense Nerlerde Kullanılır ?

a) Present perfect tense, geçmişte, belirsiz bir zamanda, yapılmış ya da hiç yapılmamış bir eylemi ifade ederken kullanılır. Eylemlerin ne zaman yapıldığı Present Perfect Tense’de önemli değildir ve belirtilmez. Eğer geçmişte belirli bir zaman belirtilmesi gerekiyorsa, ya da eylemin ne zaman yapıldığı belirtilmek isteniyorsa, Simple Past Tense kullanılır.

• They have moved to a new apartment. They moved there last week.
• I have washed the car. (It is clean now!)
• I have never seen such a big building. (All my life)
• I have met Bill’s wife. I met her at a party last night.
• Have you ever eaten at that restaurant yet?
• I think I have seen that girl before.


b) For , since, so far, up till now, untill now ile kullanıldığında present perfect tense geçmişte başlayıp içinde bulunduğumuz ana kadar devem etmekte olan bir eylemden bahsetmek için kullanılır.

• I have been here since 9 o’clock.
• They have been married for 25 years.
• I have has this old car for 10 years.
• She has done great work up to now. I think she will be promoted soon.
• I haven’t seen my uncle since 1990.
• Janet has been very busy with the new project for the last three months.
• I have liked science-fiction films ever since I was a child.


c) The present perfect tense geçmiş ve şimdiki zaman arasında, kesin zamanlar belirtmeksizin, tekrarlanmış olan eylemlerden bahsederken kullanılır.
• I have seen that movie four times.
• I have met many new friends since I came here.
• How many times have you been to France?
• The telephone has rung six times since this morning.
• The scientists have made many important inventions since 1900’s.


d) Bahsedilen zaman dilimi henüz bitmemiş ise present perfect tense kullanılır.

• I haven’t seen Tom this morning. (It’s still this morning)
• My grandfather has written many novels. (He is still alive and writing novels)
• It has rained a lot this year.
• Jane hasn’t called me today.

e) Present perfect tense çok kısa bir süre önce tamamlanmış,geçerliliğini hala koruyan eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.

• I have just eaten a sandwich. ( I am not hungry now)
• Ouch! I’ve cut my finger. It’s bleeding.
• My boss has gone to London. (He is there now)
• The robbers have been put into the prison. (They are in prison now.)


1.3 Using SINCE and FOR
Since bir eylemin geçmişte belirli bir zamanda başlayıp, şu ana kadar devam etmekte olduğunu ifade etmek için kullanılır.Since, bir saat, gün, ay ,yıl ya da geçmişte tamamlanmış bir eylem gibi, geçmiş zaman referansları veren zarf ya da zarf cümlecikleri ile kullanılır.


SINCE + A SPECIFIC POINT IN THE PAST

I have been in this city since + friday.
june
1998
june 29, 1998
 the beginning of this semester
yesterday
last week
I got the scholarship

• I have had this old car since 1990.
• Alex has not eaten anything since breakfast.
• Roger and I have known each other since last January.
• I have met so many people since I came to this town last year.
• Jane has worn her new blue jeans only twice since she bought them.


For da present perfect tense ile kullanıldığıda, bir eylemin geçmişte başlayıp, şu ana kadar devam etmekte olduğunu ifade etmek için kullanılır. For ile birlikte two minutes, three hours, four days, five years gibi zamanın uzunluğunu ifade eden yapılar kullanılır.


FOR + A LENGTH OF TIME

I have been in this city for + ten minutes.
three hours
ten days
about eight years
several weeks
many years
a long timey
years


• I have had this old car for 10 years.
• Alex has not eaten anything for 8 hours.
• Roger and I have known each other for a year.
• Tom has worked on this project for a long time.
• Jane has not worn her new blue jeans for five months.

1.3 Using ALREADY, YET, JUST, EVER and NEVER

EVER

1. soru cümlelerinde
• Have you ever been to Turkey ?
• Has she ever met John?

2. olumsuz sorularda
• Haven’t they ever been to Turkey?
• Hasn’t she ever met John?

3. olumsuz yapılarda : nothing .......ever , nobody ........ever.
• Nobody has ever climbed to that mountain before.
• Nothing has ever been said to us.


4. “the first time .....” gibi yapılarda

• This is the first time I have ever eaten Thai food.
• It’s the first time I have ever been to England.

5. superlative yapılarda
• Helen is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen.
• Istanbul is the most beautiful city I have ever been to?

kullanılır.


NEVER “daha önce hiç...” anlamında kullanılır. Never olumsuz bir zarf tır ve not ile birlikte kullanılmamalıdır.

DOĞRU: I have never eaten caviar.
DOĞRU: She has never failed any exams.
YALNIŞ: I haven’t never eaten caviar. Or She hasn’t never failed any exams.


ALREADY bir eylemin halihazırda ( beklenenden önce) yapılmış olduğunu ve artık yapılmasının gereksiz olduğunu ifade etmek içim kullanılır.

• You don’t need to go to the post office. I have already posted the letters.
• Don’t take the car to the mechanic.I have already fixed it.
• Have you already finished your homework?
• I have seen that movie already.

YET bir eylemin şu ana kadar henüz yapılmamış olduğunu, ama gelelecekte yapılabileceğini ya da olabileceğini ifade etmek için kullanılır. Yet cümlenin sonunda kullanılır.

• It’s 2:00 pm and I am very hungry. I haven’t eaten lunch yet.
• Have you seen Eric yet?
• Has he arrived yet?

JUST eylemin daha çok kıza bir süre önce tamamlanığını, henüz olduğunu ifade etmek için kullanılır.

• No, thanks. I have just eaten a sandwich.
• They have just gone out.
• Mr. Green has just called you.


FORM Present Perfect

[HAS / HAVE] + [past participle]

EXAMPLES:
I have seen that movie many times.

I have never seen that movie.

NOTE: When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as Present Perfect (have seen), adverbs usually come between the first part and the second part (have never seen).


USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now    

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with time expressions such as "yesterday," "one year ago," "last week," "when I was a chlid," "when I lived in Japan," "at that moment," "that day" or "one day." We CAN use the Present Perfect with expressions like "ever," "never," "once," "many times," "several times," "before," "so far," "already" and "yet."

EXAMPLES:


I have seen that movie twenty times.

I think I have met him once before.

There have been many earthquakes in California.

Has there ever been a war in the United States?
Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

People have traveled to the moon.


IMPORTANT How do you actually use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:


TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

EXAMPLES:

I have been to France.
(This sentence means that you have the experience of being to France. Maybe you have been once, or several times.)

I have been to France three times.
(You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.)

I have never been to France.
(This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.)

I think I have seen that movie before.

He has never traveled by train.

Joan has studied two foreign languages.

Have you ever met him?
No, I have not met him.


TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

EXAMPLES:

You have grown since the last time I saw you.

The government has become more interested in arts education.

Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.

My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.


TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

EXAMPLES:

Man has walked on the moon.

Our son has learned how to read.

Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.

Scientists have split the atom.


TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action.

EXAMPLES:

James has not finished his homework yet.

Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.

Bill has still not arrived.

The rain hasn't stopped.


TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which occured in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

EXAMPLES:

The army has attacked that city five times.

I have had four quizes and five tests so far this semester.

We have had many major problems while working on this project.

She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.


IMPORTANT

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.



Sometimes we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. Expressions such as "in the last week," "in the last year," "this week," "this month," "so far" and "up to now" can be used to narrow the time we are looking in for an experience.



EXAMPLES:

Have you been to Mexico in the last year.

I have seen that movie six times in the last month.

They have had three tests in the last week.

She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.

This week my car has broken down three times.


NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now.

EXAMPLES:

I went to Mexico last year.
(I went to Mexico in 1998.)

I have been to Mexico in the last year.
(I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now. We do not know exactly when.)

 
 

 


 

USE 2 Duration From Past Until Now (Non-continuous Verbs)





 
With Non-continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks" and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

EXAMPLES:

I have had a cold for two weeks.

She has been in England for six months.

Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.


ACTIVE / PASSIVE Present Perfect

EXAMPLES:

Many tourists have visited that castle. ACTIVE

That castle has been visited by many tourists. PASSIVE

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE  ( Türkçede karşılığı yok )

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

 I have  written  I  have not  written  have  I  written
 you have  written  you  have not  written  have  you  written
 we have  written  we  have not  written  have  we  written
 they have  written  they  have not  written  have  they  written
 he has  written  he  has not  written  has  he  written
 she has  written  she  has not  written  has  she  written
 it has  written  it  has not  written  has  it  written

 

1. They have moved into a new aparttment.

2. Have you ever visited Mexico.

3. I have already seen that movie.

4. I have never seen snow

Present Perfect şu fikri vurgular: Şu andan önce meyda na gelmiş veya gelmemiş birşeyi anlatırken kesin zaman ın önemli olmadığı durumlar. (Eğer belirli bir zaman var sa Simple past kullanılır.)

5. We have had four tests so far this semester

6. I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks.

7. I have met many people since I came here in june

8. I have flown on an airplane many times

Present perfect birde  şu andan önceki bir aktivitenin tekrarını vurgular,her tekrarın kesin zamanı önemli değildir

9. I have been here since seven o'clock

10.We have been here for two weeks

11.I have had this same pair of shoes for three years

12.I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was a child

Present perfect tense ayrıca for ve since ile kullanı labilir. O zaman şunu vurgular: Bir durum geçmişte başlmış  şu anda da devam ediyor

Since + belirli bir zaman ( since : denberi )

For + zamanın sürekliliği ( For : dır )

Present Perfect Simple nin kullanımları

1.kullanımı: Geçmişte başlamış ve bugüne kadar devam eden bir zaman periyodundan bahsediyorsak bu tensi kullanmak zorundayız. Bu zaman periyodu bütün hayatımızdaki deneyimleri kapsayabilir. Hayatımız da herhangi bir deneyimi yaşayıp yaşamadığımız bu tens ile sorulur. Have you ever been to China   ( Hiç çinde bulundunmu? ) Have you ever eaten caviar      ( Hiç havyar yedinmi ? ) I haven't been to  India             ( Hindistanda hiç bulunmadım ) We have never had a car         ( Hiçbir zaman arabamız olmadı ) It's the most boring film I've ever seen . (Hayatımda gördüğüm en sıkıcı film.) I haven't eaten anything since breakfast ( Kahvaltıdan beri hiçbirşey yemedim )
2.kullanım: Present perfect kullanıldığında genellikle bugün ile bir bağlantı vardır. Eğer geçmişte olmuş bir eylemin sonucu bugünü etkiliyorsa yine bu tens kullanılır. Where's your key ? I don't know. I 've lost it ( Şu an anahtarım yok ) He told me his name but  I 've forgotten it   ( Adını söylemişti fakat unuttum ) I can't find my bag. Have you seen it ?  ( Çantamı bulamıyorum, onu gördünmü?)
3.kullanım: Geçmişle bugünü bağlayan bir köprü olarak kullanılır.

I started learninig english in september

I am still lerning english

I have lerned English since september (Eylülden beri ingilizce öğreniyorum)-üstteki iki cümleyi birleştirdi.

 

Ayşe is my best friend 

I met Ayşe seven years ago 

I have known her for 7 years ( onu yedi yıldır tanıyorum )

 

I am a teacher 

I started teaching 20 years ago 

I have been a teacher for 20 years. ( 20 yıldır öğretmenim )

 

Gone (to)  ve  been (to) arasındaki farklılık

Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain  (Jim ispanyaya gitti ve hala orada) Jane has been to Italy . (Jane italyaya gitti ve geri geldi )

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

A. USE

1. The Present Perfect tense is used to express actions which have just or already been completed at the time of speaking or writing.
Present Perfect, geçmişte konuşma anına yakın bir zamanda bitmiş ve etkisi hala devam eden eylem veya olaylardan bahsedirken kullanılır.

I have done my homework already.
She has answered half the questions.

In the first example, the use of the Present Perfect tense emphasizes the fact that, at the time of speaking or writing, the work has already been completed. In the second example, the use of the Present Perfect indicates that, at the time of speaking or writing, half the questions have been answered.
Birinci örnekte, "ödevin çoktan tamamlandığı" vurgulanmakta; ikinci örnekte ise konuşma anında "kişinin soruların yarısını cevapladığı" ve "kalan soruları da cevaplayacağı" ima ediliyor. Geçmişte başlayan bir olayın veya etkilerinin hala devam etmesi halinde Present Perfect kullanılır.

2. The Present Perfect tense epresses the very recent past.
Yakın geçmişten bahsederken Present Perfect kullanılır.

They've just left.
I've just come!

3. It also tells of a state or situation which has started in the past and is continuing up to now.
Geçmişte başlamış ve hala devam etmekte olan olayları ifade etmek için Present Perfect kullanılır. Bu anlamı ifade eden cümlelerde "for, since, so far, until now, lately, recently, already, just, yet" gibi zaman zarfları kullanılabilir.

I have lived in New York for seven years. (I am still living there.)
I have studied English Language Teaching since 2002. (I am still studying ELT.)

B. STRUCTURE

Positive Structure:

I have
You have
He has
She has worked.
It has
We have
They have

Note: In Present Perfect tense, if the main verb is irregular, its 3rd form should be used.
(Present perfect tense'in olumlu, olumsuz ve soru cümlelerinde, düzensiz fiillerin 3. hali kullanılır.)

Negative Structure:

I haven't
You haven't
He hasn't
She hasn't worked.
It hasn't
We haven't
They haven't

Question structure:

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